The Norhead’s Clientelism and Political Participation in Malawi study examined the effects of campaign handouts during elections and the role of gender in Malawian politics  

Coming against the backdrop of the 2014 elections that include, as before, widespread recourse to clientelistic handouts, the study sought to find answers to four main questions, namely: 

• How prevalent is the practice of handouts in Malawian elections? 
• What form do these handouts take? 
• Who are the leading purveyors of handouts during Malawian elections, and lastly, 
• What is the effect of these handouts on voting behavior? 

Dr.Boniface Dulani was National Investigator for this study.